General Information

  • ID:  hor006494
  • Uniprot ID:  Q9ULZ1
  • Protein name:  Apelin-31
  • Gene name:  APLN
  • Organism:  Homo sapiens (Human)
  • Family:  Apelin family
  • Source:  Human
  • Expression:  Expressed in the brain with highest levels in the frontal cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus and midbrain . Secreted by the mammary gland into the colostrum and the milk.
  • Disease:  Diseases associated with APLN include Intracranial Arteriosclerosis and Heart Disease.
  • Comments:  NA
  • Taxonomy:   Homo (genus), Homininae (subfamily), Hominidae (family), Hominoidea (superfamily), Catarrhini (parvorder), Simiiformes (infraorder), Haplorrhini (suborder), Primates (order), Euarchontoglires (superorder), Boreoeutheria , Eutheria , Theria , Mammalia (class), Amniota , Tetrapoda , Dipnotetrapodomorpha , Sarcopterygii (superclass), Euteleostomi , Teleostomi , Gnathostomata , Vertebrata , Craniata (subphylum), Chordata (phylum), Deuterostomia , Bilateria , Eumetazoa , Metazoa (kingdom), Opisthokonta , Eukaryota (superkingdom),cellular organisms
  • GO MF:  GO:0005102 signaling receptor binding; GO:0005179 hormone activity; GO:0031704 apelin receptor binding
  • GO BP:  GO:0001525 angiogenesis; GO:0006955 immune response; GO:0007165 signal transduction; GO:0007369 gastrulation; GO:0007595 lactation; GO:0010629 negative regulation of gene expression; GO:0040037 negative regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway; GO:0042756 drinking behavior; GO:0045776 negative regulation of blood pressure; GO:0045823 positive regulation of heart contraction; GO:0060183 apelin receptor signaling pathway; GO:0060976 coronary vasculature development; GO:1902895 positive regulation of miRNA transcription; GO:1904022 positive regulation of G protein-coupled receptor internalization; GO:1904706 negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation; GO:1905564 positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation
  • GO CC:  GO:0005576 extracellular region; GO:0005615 extracellular space

Sequence Information

  • Sequence:  GSRNGPGPWQGGRRKFRRQRPRLSHKGPMPF
  • Length:  31
  • Propeptide:  MNLRLCVQALLLLWLSLTAVCGGSLMPLPDGNGLEDGNVRHLVQPRGSRNGPGPWQGGRRKFRRQRPRLSHKGPMPF
  • Signal peptide:  MNLRLCVQALLLLWLSLTAVCG
  • Modification:  NA
  • Glycosylation:  NA
  • Mutagenesis:  NA

Activity

  • Function:  Endogenous ligand for the apelin receptor (APLNR) (PubMed:10525157). Drives internalization of the apelin receptor (By similarity). Apelin-36 dissociates more hardly than (pyroglu)apelin-13 from APLNR (By similarity). Hormone involved in the regulation of cardiac precursor cell movements during gastrulation and heart morphogenesis (By similarity). Has an inhibitory effect on cytokine production in response to T-cell receptor/CD3 cross-linking; the oral intake of apelin in the colostrum and the milk might therefore modulate immune responses in neonates (By similarity). Plays a role in early coronary blood vessels formation (By similarity). Mediates myocardial contractility in an ERK1/2-dependent manner (By similarity). May also have a role in the central control of body fluid homeostasis by influencing vasopressin release and drinking behavior (By similarity).
  • Mechanism:  NA
  • Cross BBB:  NA
  • Target:  APLNR
  • Target Unid:  P35414
  • IC50: NA
  • EC50: NA
  • ED50: NA
  • kd: NA
  • Half life: NA

Structure

  • Disulfide bond:  NA
  • Structure ID:  AF-Q9ULZ1-F1(AlphaFold_DB_ID)

  • Structure: (PDB_ID-from https://www.rcsb.org/; AlphaFold_DB_ID-from https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/; hordbxxxxxx_AF2.pdb was predicted structure by AlphaFold2; hordbxxxxxx_ESM.pdb was predicted structure by ESMFold)
    •    hor006494_AF2.pdbhor006494_ESM.pdb

Physical Information

Mass: 413739 Formula: C157H250N60O37S
Absent amino acids: ACDEITVY Common amino acids: R
pI: 13.28 Basic residues: 10
Polar residues: 9 Hydrophobic residues: 4
Hydrophobicity: -176.13 Boman Index: -12352
Half-Life: 30 hour Half-Life Yeast: >20 hour
Half-Life E.Coli: >10 hour Aliphatic Index 12.58
Instability Index: 8787.74 Extinction Coefficient cystines: 5500
Absorbance 280nm: 183.33

Literature

  • PubMed ID:  9792798
  • Title:  Isolation and characterization of a novel endogenous peptide ligand for the human APJ receptor.
  • PubMed ID:  10525157
  • Title:  Apelin, the natural ligand of the orphan receptor APJ, is abundantly secreted in the colostrum.
  • PubMed ID:  10617103
  • Title:  Characterization of apelin, the ligand for the APJ receptor.
  • PubMed ID:  15772651
  • Title:  The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome.
  • PubMed ID:  15489334
  • Title:  The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).
  • PubMed ID:  11090199
  • Title:  Apelin, the natural ligand of the orphan seven-transmembrane receptor APJ, inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry.