General Information

  • ID:  hor006490
  • Uniprot ID:  Q9R0R4
  • Protein name:  Apelin-31
  • Gene name:  Apln
  • Organism:  Mus musculus (Mouse)
  • Family:  Apelin family
  • Source:  animal
  • Expression:  Not up-regulated following myocardial infarction (MI) (at protein level) . |Expressed in extraembryonic visceral endoderm and in the primitive streak at 6.5 and 7.5 dpc .
  • Disease:  NA
  • Comments:  NA
  • Taxonomy:   Mus (subgenus), Mus (genus), Murinae (subfamily), Muridae (family), Muroidea , Myomorpha (suborder), Rodentia (order), Glires , Euarchontoglires (superorder), Boreoeutheria , Eutheria , Theria , Mammalia (class), Amniota , Tetrapoda , Dipnotetrapodomorpha , Sarcopterygii (superclass), Euteleostomi , Teleostomi , Gnathostomata , Vertebrata , Craniata (subphylum), Chordata (phylum), Deuterostomia , Bilateria , Eumetazoa , Metazoa (kingdom), Opisthokonta , Eukaryota (superkingdom),cellular organisms
  • GO MF:  GO:0005102 signaling receptor binding; GO:0005179 hormone activity; GO:0031704 apelin receptor binding; GO:0042802 identical protein binding
  • GO BP:  GO:0001525 angiogenesis; GO:0002026 regulation of the force of heart contraction; GO:0003085 negative regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure; GO:0007165 signal transduction; GO:0007186 G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; GO:0007369 gastrulation; GO:0007631 feeding behavior; GO:0008284 positive regulation of cell population proliferation; GO:0010460 positive regulation of heart rate; GO:0010629 negative regulation of gene expression; GO:0031652 positive regulation of heat generation; GO:0040037 negative regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway; GO:0042327 positive regulation of phosphorylation; GO:0042756 drinking behavior; GO:0045776 negative regulation of blood pressure; GO:0045823 positive regulation of heart contraction; GO:0045906 negative regulation of vasoconstriction; GO:0050878 regulation of body fluid levels; GO:0051461 positive regulation of corticotropin secretion; GO:0051466 positive regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion; GO:0060183 apelin receptor signaling pathway; GO:0060976 coronary vasculature development; GO:1902895 positive regulation of miRNA transcription; GO:1904022 positive regulation of G protein-coupled receptor internalization; GO:1904706 negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation; GO:1905564 positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation
  • GO CC:  GO:0005576 extracellular region; GO:0005615 extracellular space; GO:0048471 perinuclear region of cytoplasm

Sequence Information

  • Sequence:  TSRTGPGAWQGGRRKFRRQRPRLSHKGPMPF
  • Length:  31
  • Propeptide:  MNLRLCVQALLLLWLSLTAVCGVPLMLPPDGTGLEEGSMRYLVKPRTSRTGPGAWQGGRRKFRRQRPRLSHKGPMPF
  • Signal peptide:  MNLRLCVQALLLLWLSLTAVCG
  • Modification:  NA
  • Glycosylation:  NA
  • Mutagenesis:  NA

Activity

  • Function:  Endogenous ligand for the apelin receptor (APLNR). Drives internalization of APLNR (By similarity). Apelin-36 dissociates more hardly than (pyroglu)apelin-13 from APLNR (By similarity). Hormone involved in the regulation of cardiac precursor cell movements during gastrulation and heart morphogenesis (By similarity). Has an inhibitory effect on cytokine production in response to T-cell receptor/CD3 cross-linking; the oral intake of apelin in the colostrum and the milk might therefore modulate immune responses in neonates (PubMed:10525157). Plays a role in early coronary blood vessels formation (PubMed:28890073). Mediates myocardial contractility in an ERK1/2-dependent manner (By similarity). May also have a role in the central control of body fluid homeostasis by influencing vasopressin release and drinking behavior (PubMed:11359874).
  • Mechanism:  NA
  • Cross BBB:  NA
  • Target:  Aplnr
  • Target Unid:  Q9WV08
  • IC50: NA
  • EC50: NA
  • ED50: NA
  • kd: NA
  • Half life: NA

Structure

  • Disulfide bond:  NA
  • Structure ID:  AF-Q9R0R4-F1(AlphaFold_DB_ID)

  • Structure: (PDB_ID-from https://www.rcsb.org/; AlphaFold_DB_ID-from https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/; hordbxxxxxx_AF2.pdb was predicted structure by AlphaFold2; hordbxxxxxx_ESM.pdb was predicted structure by ESMFold)
    •    hor006490_AF2.pdbhor006490_ESM.pdb

Physical Information

Mass: 414241 Formula: C157H253N59O38S
Absent amino acids: CDEINVY Common amino acids: R
pI: 13.28 Basic residues: 10
Polar residues: 9 Hydrophobic residues: 5
Hydrophobicity: -157.1 Boman Index: -12115
Half-Life: 7.2 hour Half-Life Yeast: >20 hour
Half-Life E.Coli: >10 hour Aliphatic Index 15.81
Instability Index: 8419.68 Extinction Coefficient cystines: 5500
Absorbance 280nm: 183.33

Literature

  • PubMed ID:  10525157
  • Title:  Apelin, the natural ligand of the orphan receptor APJ, is abundantly secreted in the colostrum.
  • PubMed ID:  15489334
  • Title:  The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).
  • PubMed ID:  11359874
  • Title:  Physiological role of a novel neuropeptide, apelin, and its receptor in the rat brain.
  • PubMed ID:  26611206
  • Title:  Characterization of apela, a novel endogenous ligand of apelin receptor, in the adult heart.
  • PubMed ID:  28854362
  • Title:  Loss of Apela Peptide in Mice Causes Low Penetrance Embryonic Lethality and Defects in Early Mesodermal Derivatives.
  • PubMed ID:  28890073
  • Title:  Alternative Progenitor Cells Compensate to Rebuild the Coronary Vasculature in Elabela- and Apj-Deficient Hearts.