General Information

  • ID:  hor005605
  • Uniprot ID:  P26349
  • Protein name:  Exendin-4
  • Gene name:  NA
  • Organism:  Heloderma suspectum (Gila monster)
  • Family:  Glucagon family
  • Source:  animal
  • Expression:  Expressed by the venom gland.
  • Disease:  NA
  • Comments:  NA
  • Taxonomy:  Heloderma (genus), Helodermatidae (family), Neoanguimorpha, Anguimorpha (infraorder), Toxicofera, Episquamata, Unidentata, Bifurcata, Squamata (order), Lepidosauria (class), Sauria, Sauropsida, Amniota, Tetrapoda, Dipnotetrapodomorpha, Sarcopterygii (superclass), Euteleostomi, Teleostomi, Gnathostomata, Vertebrata, Craniata (subphylum), Chordata (phylum), Deuterostomia, Bilateria, Eumetazoa, Metazoa (kingdom), Opisthokonta, Eukaryota (superkingdom), cellular organisms
  • GO MF:  GO:0005179 hormone activity; GO:0090729 toxin activity
  • GO BP:  GO:0007165 signal transduction; GO:0008217 regulation of blood pressure; GO:0035821 modulation of process of another organism
  • GO CC:  GO:0005576 extracellular region

Sequence Information

  • Sequence:  HGEGTFTSDLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKNGGPSSGAPPPS
  • Length:  39(48-86)
  • Propeptide:  MKIILWLCVFGLFLATLFPISWQMPVESGLSSEDSASSESFASKIKRHGEGTFTSDLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKNGGPSSGAPPPSG
  • Signal peptide:  MKIILWLCVFGLFLATLFPISWQ
  • Modification:  T39 Serine amide
  • Glycosylation:  NA
  • Mutagenesis:  NA

Activity

  • Function:  Venom protein that mimics the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). It stimulates insulin synthesis and secretion, protects against beta-cell apoptosis in response to different insults, and promotes beta-cell proliferation It also promotes sat
  • Mechanism:  NA
  • Cross BBB:  YES
  • Target:  NA
  • Target Unid:  NA
  • IC50: NA
  • EC50: EC50 of 2.3nM for stimulation of intracellular cAMP in PC12 cells ( PubMed ID: 21244372 )
  • ED50: NA
  • kd: NA
  • Half life: 1.5 to 4 hours; /9900 seconds ( PubMed ID: 21244372 )

Structure

  • Disulfide bond:  NA
  • Structure ID:  1jrj(PDB_ID)

  • Structure: (PDB_ID-from https://www.rcsb.org/; AlphaFold_DB_ID-from https://alphafold.ebi.ac.uk/; hordbxxxxxx_AF2.pdb was predicted structure by AlphaFold2; hordbxxxxxx_ESM.pdb was predicted structure by ESMFold)
    •    1jrj.pdbhor005605_AF2.pdbhor005605_ESM.pdb

Physical Information

Mass: 486556 Formula: C184H281N49O61S
Absent amino acids: CY Common amino acids: EGS
pI: 4.41 Basic residues: 4
Polar residues: 13 Hydrophobic residues: 10
Hydrophobicity: -69.23 Boman Index: -6509
Half-Life: 3.5 hour Half-Life Yeast: 10 min
Half-Life E.Coli: >10 hour Aliphatic Index 52.56
Instability Index: 6409.23 Extinction Coefficient cystines: 5500
Absorbance 280nm: 144.74

Literature

  • PubMed ID:  16386282
  • Title:  Isolation and cloning of exendin precursor cDNAs from single samples of venom from the Mexican beaded lizard (Heloderma horridum) and the Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum).
  • PubMed ID:  1313797
  • Title:   Isolation and characterization of exendin-4, an exendin-3 analogue, from Helode
  • PubMed ID:  21244372
  • Title: